Đáp án

1. potatoes 8. NOT GIVEN
2. butter 9. TRUE
3. meat 10. FALSE
4. crystals 11. TRUE
5. cellophane 12. FALSE
6. tin 13. NOT GIVEN  
7. refrigerator

Frozen Food

A US perspective on the development of the frozen food industry

At some point in history, humans discovered that ice preserved food. There is evidence that winter ice was stored to preserve food in the summer as far back as 10,000 years ago. Two thousand years ago, the inhabitants of South America’s Andean mountains had a unique means of conserving potatoes for later consumption. They froze them overnight, then trampled them to squeeze out the moisture, then dried them in the sun. This preserved their nutritional value – if not their aesthetic appeal. (Q1)

Natural ice remained the main form of refrigeration until late in the 19th century. In the early 1800s, ship owners from Boston, USA, had enormous blocks of Arctic ice towed all over the Atlantic for the purpose of food preservation. (Q8) In 1851, railroads first began putting blocks of ice in insulated rail cars to send butter from Ogdensburg, New York, to Boston. (Q2)

Finally, in 1870, Australian inventors found a way to make ‘mechanical ice’. They used a compressor to force a gas – ammonia at first and later Freon – through a condenser. The compressed gas gave up some of its heat as it moved through the condenser. Then the gas was released quickly into a low-pressure evaporator coil where it became liquid and cold. Air was blown over the evaporator coil and then this cooled air passed into an insulated compartment, lowering its temperature to freezing point. Initially, this process was invented to keep Australian beer cool even in hot weather. But Australian cattlemen were quick to realize that, if they could put this new invention on a ship, they could export meat across the oceans. In 1880, a shipment of Australian beef and mutton was sent, frozen, to England. (Q3) While the food frozen this way was still palatable, there was some deterioration. During the freezing process, crystals formed within the cells of the food, and when the ice expanded and the cells burst, this spoilt the flavor and texture of the food. (Q9)

The modern frozen food industry began with the indigenous Inuit people of Canada. In 1912, a biology student in Massachusetts, USA, named Clarence Birdseye, ran out of money and went to Labrador in Canada to trap and trade furs. While he was there, he became fascinated with how the Inuit would quickly freeze fish in the Arctic air. (Q10) The fish looked and tasted fresh even months later.

Birdseye returned to the USA in 1917 and began developing mechanical freezers capable of quick-freezing food. Birdseye methodically kept inventing better freezers and gradually built a business selling frozen fish from Gloucester, Massachusetts. In 1929, his business was sold and became General Foods, but he stayed with the company as director of research, and his division continued to innovate. Birdseye was responsible for several key innovations that made the frozen food industry possible. He developed quick-freezing techniques that reduced the damage that crystals caused, (Q4) as well as the technique of freezing the product in the package it was to be sold in. He also introduced the use of cellophane, the first transparent material for food packaging, which allowed consumers to see the quality of the product. (Q5) Birdseye products also came in convenient size packages that could be prepared with a minimum of effort.

But there were still obstacles. In the 1930s, few grocery stores could afford to buy freezers for a market that wasn’t established yet. So, Birdseye leased inexpensive freezer cases to them. He also leased insulated railroad cars so that he could ship his products nationwide. However, few consumers had freezers large enough or efficient enough to take advantage of the products.

Sales increased in the early 1940s, when World War II gave a boost to the frozen food industry because tin was being used for munitions. Canned foods were rationed to save tin for the war effort, while frozen foods were abundant and cheap. (Q6) Finally, by the 1950s, refrigerator technology had developed far enough to make these appliances affordable for the average family. (Q7) By 1953, 33 million US families owned a refrigerator, and manufacturers were gradually increasing the size of the freezer compartments in them.

1950s families were also looking for convenience at mealtimes, so the moment was right for the arrival of the ‘TV Dinner’. Swanson Foods was a large, nationally recognized producer of canned and frozen poultry. In 1954, the company adapted some of Birdseye’s freezing techniques, and with the help of a clever name and a huge advertising budget, it launched the first ‘TV Dinner’. (Q11) This consisted of frozen turkey, potatoes and vegetables served in the same segmented aluminum tray that was used by airlines. (Q12) The product was an instant success. Within a year, Swanson had sold 13 million TV dinners. American consumers couldn’t resist the combination of a trusted brand name, a single-serving package and the convenience of a meal that could be ready after only 25 minutes in a hot oven. By 1959, Americans were spending $2.7 billion annually on frozen foods, and half a billion of that was spent on ready-prepared meals such as the TV Dinner.

Today, the US frozen food industry has a turnover of over $67 billion annually, with $26.6 billion of that sold to consumers for home consumption. (Q13) The remaining $40 billion in frozen food sales come through restaurants, cafeterias, hospitals and schools, and that represents a third of the total food service sales.

Questions 1–7

Complete the notes below.

Choose ONE WORD ONLY from the passage for each answer.

The history of frozen food

2,000 years ago, South America

  • People conserved the nutritional value of 1 ____________ using a method of freezing then drying.

1851, USA

  • 2 ____________ was kept cool by ice during transportation in specially adapted trains.

1880, Australia

  • Two kinds of 3 ____________ were the first frozen food shipped to England.

1917 onwards, USA

Clarence Birdseye introduced innovations including:

  • Quick-freezing methods, so that 4 ____________ did not spoil the food.
  • Packaging products with 5 ____________ so the product was visible.

Early 1940s, USA

  • Frozen food became popular because of a shortage of 6 ____________.

1950s, USA

  • A large number of homes now had a 7 ____________.

 

Questions 8–13

Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 1?

TRUE if the statement agrees with the information

FALSE if the statement contradicts the information

NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this

  1. The ice transportation business made some Boston ship owners very wealthy in the early 1800s.
  2. A disadvantage of the freezing process invented in Australia was that it affected the taste of food.
  3. Clarence Birdseye travelled to Labrador in order to learn how the Inuit people froze fish.
  4. Swanson Foods invested a great deal of money in the promotion of the TV Dinner.
  5. Swanson Foods developed a new style of container for the launch of the TV Dinner.
  6. The US frozen food industry is currently the largest in the world.

 

Giải thích chi tiết

Câu hỏi Đáp án Từ khóa 

trong câu hỏi

Từ đồng nghĩa 

trong bài

Giải thích
1 potatoes People conserved the nutritional value of ____________ using a method of freezing then drying. Two thousand years ago, the inhabitants of South America’s Andean mountains had a unique means of conserving potatoes for later consumption. They froze them overnight, then trampled them to squeeze out the moisture, then dried them in the sun. This preserved their nutritional value – if not their aesthetic appeal. Hai nghìn năm trước, cư dân vùng núi Andes ở Nam Mỹ có một phương pháp độc đáo để bảo quản khoai tây dùng dần. Họ để khoai đông lạnh qua đêm, sau đó dẫm lên để ép hết độ ẩm, rồi phơi khô dưới ánh nắng mặt trời. Cách này giúp giữ được giá trị dinh dưỡng của khoai – dù không giữ được vẻ ngoài bắt mắt.
2 butter ____________ was kept cool by ice during transportation in specially adapted trains. In 1851, railroads first began putting blocks of ice in insulated rail cars to send butter from Ogdensburg, New York, to Boston. Vào năm 1851, các tuyến đường sắt lần đầu tiên đặt các khối băng trong các toa tàu cách nhiệt để vận chuyển bơ từ Ogdensburg, New York, đến Boston.
3 meat Two kinds of ____________ were the first frozen food shipped to England. But Australian cattlemen were quick to realize that, if they could put this new invention on a ship, they could export meat across the oceans. In 1880, a shipment of Australian beef and mutton was sent, frozen, to England. Tuy nhiên, những người chăn nuôi gia súc ở Úc nhanh chóng nhận ra rằng, nếu họ có thể đưa phát minh mới này lên tàu, họ có thể xuất khẩu thịt sang các châu lục khác bằng đường biển. Vào năm 1880, một lô hàng thịt bò và thịt cừu từ Úc đã được gửi đến Anh dưới dạng đông lạnh.
4 crystals Quick-freezing methods, so that ____________ did not spoil the food. He developed quick-freezing techniques that reduced the damage that crystals caused, … Ông đã phát triển các kỹ thuật cấp đông nhanh giúp giảm thiểu tổn hại do các tinh thể băng gây ra, …
5 cellophane Packaging products with ____________ so the product was visible. He also introduced the use of cellophane, the first transparent material for food packaging, which allowed consumers to see the quality of the product. Ông cũng giới thiệu việc sử dụng cellophane, vật liệu trong suốt đầu tiên dùng để đóng gói thực phẩm, cho phép người tiêu dùng nhìn thấy chất lượng của sản phẩm bên trong.
6 tin Frozen food became popular because of a shortage of ____________. Sales increased in the early 1940s, when World War II gave a boost to the frozen food industry because tin was being used for munitions. Canned foods were rationed to save tin for the war effort, while frozen foods were abundant and cheap. Doanh số tăng lên vào đầu những năm 1940, khi Thế chiến thứ hai thúc đẩy sự phát triển của ngành công nghiệp thực phẩm đông lạnh vì thiếc được dùng để sản xuất vũ khí. Thực phẩm đóng hộp bị hạn chế để dành thiếc phục vụ chiến tranh, trong khi thực phẩm đông lạnh thì dồi dào và rẻ hơn.
7 refrigerator A large number of homes now had a ____________. Finally, by the 1950s, refrigerator technology had developed far enough to make these appliances affordable for the average family. Cuối cùng, vào những năm 1950, công nghệ tủ lạnh đã phát triển đủ để khiến các thiết bị này trở nên hợp túi tiền đối với các gia đình bình dân.
8 NOT GIVEN The ice transportation business made some Boston ship owners very wealthy in the early 1800s. In the early 1800s, ship owners from Boston, USA, had enormous blocks of Arctic ice towed all over the Atlantic for the purpose of food preservation. Ta biết các chủ tàu ở Boston, Mỹ, đã kéo những khối băng khổng lồ từ Bắc Cực đi khắp Đại Tây Dương nhằm mục đích bảo quản thực phẩm. Tuy nhiên, không có thông tin cho thấy họ có giàu lên hay không.
9 TRUE A disadvantage of the freezing process invented in Australia was that it affected the taste of food. While the food frozen this way was still palatable, there was some deterioration. During the freezing process, crystals formed within the cells of the food, and when the ice expanded and the cells burst, this spoilt the flavor and texture of the food. Mặc dù thực phẩm được đông lạnh theo cách này vẫn có thể ăn được, nhưng vẫn có một số sự suy giảm chất lượng. Trong quá trình đông lạnh, các tinh thể băng hình thành bên trong tế bào của thực phẩm, và khi băng giãn nở làm vỡ các tế bào, điều này làm hỏng hương vị và kết cấu của thực phẩm.
10 FALSE Clarence Birdseye travelled to Labrador in order to learn how the Inuit people froze fish. In 1912, a biology student in Massachusetts, USA, named Clarence Birdseye, ran out of money and went to Labrador in Canada to trap and trade furs. While he was there, he became fascinated with how the Inuit would quickly freeze fish in the Arctic air. Vào năm 1912, một sinh viên sinh học ở Massachusetts, Mỹ, tên là Clarence Birdseye, bị hết tiền và đã đến Labrador ở Canada để bẫy thú và buôn bán lông thú. Trong thời gian ở đó, ông bị cuốn hút bởi cách người Inuit nhanh chóng đông lạnh cá trong không khí Bắc Cực. ⇒ Ông này đến Canada không phải với mục đích học cách làm đông cá, mà chỉ vô tình học được. Điều này mâu thuẫn với câu hỏi.
11 TRUE Swanson Foods invested a great deal of money in the promotion of the TV Dinner. In 1954, the company adapted some of Birdseye’s freezing techniques, and with the help of a clever name and a huge advertising budget, it launched the first ‘TV Dinner’. Vào năm 1954, công ty đã điều chỉnh một số kỹ thuật đông lạnh của Birdseye và, với sự hỗ trợ của một cái tên thông minh cùng ngân sách quảng cáo khổng lồ, đã cho ra mắt bữa ăn đông lạnh đầu tiên mang tên “TV Dinner”.
12 FALSE Swanson Foods developed a new style of container for the launch of the TV Dinner. This consisted of frozen turkey, potatoes and vegetables served in the same segmented aluminum tray that was used by airlines. Bữa ăn này gồm có gà tây, khoai tây và rau củ đông lạnh, được phục vụ trong khay nhôm chia ngăn giống như loại được các hãng hàng không sử dụng. ⇒ Công ty không hề sáng tạo ra loại khay đựng này mà lấy ý tưởng từ chỗ khác. Điều này mâu thuẫn với câu hỏi.
13 NOT GIVEN The US frozen food industry is currently the largest in the world. Today, the US frozen food industry has a turnover of over $67 billion annually, with $26.6 billion of that sold to consumers for home consumption. Ta biết ngành công nghiệp thực phẩm đông lạnh của Mỹ đạt doanh thu hơn 67 tỷ đô la mỗi năm, trong đó 26,6 tỷ đô la đến từ việc bán cho người tiêu dùng để sử dụng tại nhà. Tuy nhiên, không có thông tin so sánh ngành này của Mỹ với các quốc gia khác trên thế giới.

Hãy cân nhắc thật kỹ bạn nhé

Đăng ký học sẽ tốn nhiều thời gian chờ đợi, thời gian học, sức lực để làm bài, học phí phải đóng... hãy chắc chắn rằng bạn đã tìm hiểu đầy đủ các thông tin cần thiết!