Giải đề Cambridge IELTS 19, Test 2, Reading Passage 1: The Industrial Revolution in Britain
ANSWER TABLE |
|
| 1. piston | 8. NOT GIVEN |
| 2. coal | 9. FALSE |
| 3. workshops | 10. NOT GIVEN |
| 4. labour / labor | 11. TRUE |
| 5. quality | 12. TRUE |
| 6. railway(s) | 13. NOT GIVEN |
| 7. sanitation |
The Industrial Revolution in Britain
The Industrial Revolution began in Britain in the mid-1700s and by the 1830s and 1840s has spread to many other parts of the world, including the United States. In Britain, it was a period when a largely rural, agrarian* society was transformed into an industrialised, urban one. Goods that had once been crafted by hand started to be produced in mass quantities by machines in factories, thanks to the invention of steam power and the introduction of new machines and manufacturing techniques in textiles, iron-making and other industries.
The foundations of the Industrial Revolution date back to the early 1700s, when the English inventor Thomas Newcomen designed the first modern steam engine. Called the ‘atmospheric steam engine’, Newcomen’s invention was originally used to power machines that pumped water out of mines. In the 1760s, the Scottish engineer James Watt started to adapt one of Newcomen’s models, and succeeded in making it far more efficient. Watt later worked with the English manufacturer Matthew Boulton to invent a new steam engine driven by both the forward and backward strokes of the piston, while the gear mechanism it was connected to produced rotary motion. (Q1) It was a key innovation that would allow steam power to spread across British industries.
The demand for coal, which was a relatively cheap energy source, grew rapidly during the Industrial Revolution, as it was needed to run not only the factories used to produce manufactured goods, but also steam-powered transportation. (Q2) In the early 1800s, the English engineer Richard Trevithick built a steam-powered locomotive, and by 1830 goods and passengers were being transported between the industrial centres of Manchester and Liverpool. In addition, steam-powered boats and ships were widely used to carry goods along Britain’s canals as well as across the Atlantic. (Q8)
Britain had produced textiles like wool, linen and cotton, for hundreds of years, but prior to the Industrial Revolution, the British textile business was a true ‘cottage industry’, with the work performed in small workshops or even homes by individual spinners, weavers and dyers. (Q3) Starting in the mid-1700s, innovations like the spinning jenny and the power loom made weaving cloth and spinning yarn and thread much easier. With these machines, relatively little labour was required to produce cloth, (Q4) and the new, mechanised textile factories that opened around the country were quickly able to meet customer demand for cloth both at home and abroad.
The British iron industry also underwent major change as it adopted new innovations. Chief among the new techniques was the smelting of iron ore with coke (a material made by heating coal) instead of the traditional charcoal. This method was cheaper (Q9) and produced metals that were of a higher quality (Q5), enabling Britain’s iron and steel production to expand in response to demand created by the Napoleonic Wars (1803-15) and the expansion of the railways from the 1830s. (Q6)
The latter part of the Industrial Revolution also saw key advances in communication methods, as people increasingly saw the need to communicate efficiently over long distances. In 1837, British inventors William Cooke and Charles Wheatstone patented the first commercial telegraphy system. In the 1830s and 1840s, Samuel Morse and other inventors worked on their own versions in the United States. (Q10) Cooke and Wheatstone’s system was soon used for railway signalling in the UK. As the speed of the new locomotives increased, it was essential to have a fast and effective means of avoiding collisions.
The impact of the Industrial Revolution on people’s lives was immense. Although many people in Britain had begun moving to the cities from rural areas before the Industrial Revolution, this accelerated dramatically with industrialisation, as the rise of large factories turned smaller towns into major cities in just a few decades. This rapid urbanisation brought significant challenges, as overcrowded cities suffered from pollution and inadequate sanitation. (Q7)
Although industrialisation increased the country’s economic output overall and improved the standard of living for the middle and upper classes, many poor people continued to struggle. (Q11) Factory workers had to work long hours in dangerous conditions for extremely low wages. These conditions along with the rapid pace of change fuelled opposition to industrialisation. A group of British workers who became known as ‘Luddites’ were British weavers and textile workers who objected to the increased use of mechanised looms and knitting frames. Many had spent years learning their craft, and they feared that unskilled machine operators were robbing them of their livelihood. (Q12) A few desperate weavers began breaking into factories and smashing textile machines. They called themselves Luddites after Ned Ludd, a young apprentice who was rumoured to have wrecked a textile machine in 1779.
The first major instances of machine breaking took place in 1811 in the city of Nottingham, and the practice soon spread across the country. Machine-breaking Luddites attacked and burned factories, and in some cases they even exchanged gunfire with company guards and soldiers. The workers wanted employers to stop installing new machinery, but the British government responded to the uprisings by making machine-breaking punishable by death. The unrest finally reached its peak in April 1812, when a few Luddites were shot during an attack on a mill near Huddersfield. (Q13) In the days that followed, other Luddites were arrested, and dozens were hanged or transported to Australia. By 1813, the Luddite resistance had all but vanished.
GIẢI THÍCH CHI TIẾT ĐỀ The Industrial Revolution in Britain
Questions 1-7
Complete the notes below.
Choose ONE WORD ONLY from the passage for each answer.
Write your answers in boxes 1-7 on your answer sheet.
Britain’s Industrial Revolution
Steam power
- Newcomen’s steam engine was used in mines to remove water.
- In Watt and Boulton’s steam engine, the movement of the 1 __________ was linked to a gear system.
- A greater supply of 2 __________ was required to power steam engines.
Textile industry
- Before the Industrial Revolution, spinners and weavers worked at home and in 3 __________
- Not as much 4 __________ was needed to produce cloth once the spinning jenny and power loom were invented.
Iron industry
- Smelting of iron ore with coke resulted in material that was better 5 __________
- Demand for iron increased with the growth of the 6 __________
Communications
- Cooke and Wheatstone patented the first telegraphy system.
- The telegraphy system was used to prevent locomotives colliding.
Urbanisation
- Small towns turned into cities very quickly.
- The new cities were dirty, crowded and lacked sufficient 7 __________
Q1:
Từ khóa câu hỏi: In Watt and Boulton’s steam engine, the movement of the 1 __________ was linked to a gear system.
Từ đồng nghĩa trong bài: In the 1760s, the Scottish engineer James Watt started to adapt one of Newcomen’s models, and succeeded in making it far more efficient. Watt later worked with the English manufacturer Matthew Boulton to invent a new steam engine driven by both the forward and backward strokes of the piston, while the gear mechanism it was connected to produced rotary motion.
Giải thích: Trong mô hình đầu động cơ hơi nước của Watt và Boulton, chuyển động về phía trước và phía sau của pit-tông giúp tạo ra động lực, và nó được kết nối với một hệ thống bánh răng. Vậy đáp án là piston.
Q2:
Từ khóa câu hỏi: A greater supply of 2 __________ was required to power steam engines.
Từ đồng nghĩa trong bài: The demand for coal, which was a relatively cheap energy source, grew rapidly during the Industrial Revolution, as it was needed to run not only the factories used to produce manufactured goods, but also steam-powered transportation.
Giải thích: Nhu cầu về than đã tăng nhanh chóng, bởi vì đây là nguyên liệu cần có để vận hành các phương tiện giao thông chạy bằng hơi nước. Vậy đáp là coal.
Q3:
Từ khóa câu hỏi: Before the Industrial Revolution, spinners and weavers worked at home and in 3 __________
Từ đồng nghĩa trong bài: but prior to the Industrial Revolution, the British textile business was a true ‘cottage industry’, with the work performed in small workshops or even homes by individual spinners, weavers and dyers.
Giải thích: Trước Cách Mạng Công Nghiệp, ngành dệt may ở Anh rất thô sơ, với những người thợ chủ yếu làm việc ở các xưởng nhỏ hoặc ngay tại nhà của họ. Vậy đáp án là workshops.
Q4:
Từ khóa câu hỏi: Not as much 4 __________ was needed to produce cloth once the spinning jenny and power loom were invented.
Từ đồng nghĩa trong bài: Starting in the mid-1700s, innovations like the spinning jenny and the power loom made weaving cloth and spinning yarn and thread much easier. With these machines, relatively little labour was required to produce cloth,…
Giải thích: Sau khi những phát minh như máy xe nhiều sợi và máy dệt ra đời, không cần nhiều sức người để sản xuất vải nữa. Vậy đáp án là labour.
Q5:
Từ khóa câu hỏi: Smelting of iron ore with coke resulted in material that was better
5 __________
Từ đồng nghĩa trong bài: Chief among the new techniques was the smelting of iron ore with coke (a material made by heating coal) instead of the traditional charcoal. This method was cheaper and produced metals that were of a higher quality, …
Giải thích: Việc nung chảy quặng sắt với coke thay vì than củi truyền thống đã giúp tạo ra các kim loại rẻ hơn và chất lượng hơn. Vậy đáp án là quality.
Q6:
Từ khóa câu hỏi: Demand for iron increased with the growth of the 6 __________
Từ đồng nghĩa trong bài: … demand created by the Napoleonic Wars (1803-15) and the expansion of the railways from the 1830s.
Giải thích: Nhu cầu về sắt đã tăng cao do sự mở rộng của các tuyến đường sắt từ những năm 1830. Vậy đáp án là railways.
Q7:
Từ khóa câu hỏi: The new cities were dirty, crowded and lacked sufficient 7 __________
Từ đồng nghĩa trong bài: This rapid urbanisation brought significant challenges, as overcrowded cities suffered from pollution and inadequate sanitation.
Giải thích: Những thành phố mới do quá trình đô thị hóa rất đông đúc, ô nhiễm và đặc biệt là mất vệ sinh. Vậy đáp án là sanitation.
Question 8-13
Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 1?
In boxes 8-13 on your answer sheet, write
TRUE if the statement agrees with the information
FALSE if the statement contradicts the information
NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this
8. NOT GIVEN Britain’s canal network grew rapidly so that more goods could be transported around the country.
Dịch: Mạng lưới kênh đào của Anh phát triển nhanh chóng để có thể vận chuyển nhiều hàng hóa hơn trên khắp đất nước.
Từ đồng nghĩa trong bài: In addition, steam-powered boats and ships were widely used to carry goods along Britain’s canals as well as across the Atlantic.
Giải thích: Ngày càng nhiều tàu thuyền chạy bằng động cơ hơi nước được sử dụng để mang hàng hóa dọc theo các con kênh của nước Anh cũng như băng qua Đại Tây Dương. Tuy nhiên không có thông tin cho thấy tốc độ phát triển của hệ thống này. Vậy đáp án là NOT GIVEN.
9. FALSE Costs in the iron industry rose when the technique of smelting iron ore with coke was introduced.
Dịch: Chi phí trong ngành sắt tăng lên khi kỹ thuật nấu chảy quặng sắt bằng than cốc được giới thiệu.
Từ đồng nghĩa trong bài: Chief among the new techniques was the smelting of iron ore with coke (a material made by heating coal) instead of the traditional charcoal. This method was cheaper…
Giải thích: Sau khi phương pháp đun nóng quặng sắt với coke được phát minh, chi phí của ngành công nghiệp này đã giảm đi chứ không hề tăng lên. Vậy đáp án là FALSE.
10. NOT GIVEN Samuel Morse’s communication system was more reliable than that developed by William Cooke and Charles Wheatstone.
Dịch: Hệ thống liên lạc của Samuel Morse đáng tin cậy hơn hệ thống do William Cooke và Charles Wheatstone phát triển.
Từ đồng nghĩa trong bài: In 1837, British inventors William Cooke and Charles Wheatstone patented the first commercial telegraphy system. In the 1830s and 1840s, Samuel Morse and other inventors worked on their own versions in the United States.
Giải thích: Các nhân vật được nêu tên đều là những người đã sáng tạo ra máy điện báo dù ở những quốc gia khác nhau và thời điểm khác nhau. Tuy nhiên không có sự so sánh giữa chất lượng các phát minh của họ. Vậy đáp án là NOT GIVEN.
11. TRUE The economic benefits of industrialisation were limited to certain sectors of society.
Dịch: Lợi ích kinh tế của công nghiệp hóa chỉ giới hạn ở một số lĩnh vực nhất định của xã hội.
Từ đồng nghĩa trong bài: Although industrialisation increased the country’s economic output overall and improved the standard of living for the middle and upper classes, many poor people continued to struggle.
Giải thích: Công nghiệp hóa thực sự đã cải thiện kinh tế và đời sống của tầng lớp trung lưu và thượng lưu, song những người nghèo thì vẫn phải sống chật vật. Vậy đáp án là TRUE.
12. TRUE Some skilled weavers believed that the introduction of the new textile machines would lead to job losses.
Dịch: Một số thợ dệt lành nghề tin rằng việc có các máy dệt mới sẽ dẫn đến mất việc làm.
Từ đồng nghĩa trong bài: Many had spent years learning their craft, and they feared that unskilled machine operators were robbing them of their livelihood.
Giải thích: Những người thợ dệt lo sợ rằng khi máy dệt ra đời, chúng sẽ cướp đi kế sinh nhai của họ. Vậy đáp án là TRUE.
13. NOT GIVEN There was some sympathy among local people for the Luddites who were arrested near Huddersfield.
Dịch: Người dân địa phương có đôi chút thông cảm đối với những người Luddite bị bắt gần Huddersfield.
Từ đồng nghĩa trong bài: The unrest finally reached its peak in April 1812, when a few Luddites were shot during an attack on a mill near Huddersfield.
Giải thích: Nhiều Luddites (biệt danh của người phá máy móc) đã bị bắn tại một xưởng ở gần Huddersfield. Tuy nhiên không có thông tin về việc họ có được cảm thông hay không. Vậy đáp án là NOT GIVEN.
IELTSITY hy vọng rằng bài viết này đã giúp bạn hiểu rõ và hoàn thành tốt bài đọc The Industrial Revolution in Britain (CAMBRIDGE 19 – TEST 2 – PASSAGE 1). Đừng quên chia sẻ cho bạn bè để cùng luyện tập nhé! Chúc các bạn học tốt!
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