Giải đề Cambridge IELTS 19, Test 4, Reading Passage 2: Deep-sea mining

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Nội dung chính

ANSWER TABLE
14 C	21 E
15 F	22 B
16 E	23 C
17 D	24 waste
18 D	25 machinery
19 B	26 caution
20 A

Deep-sea mining

Bacteria from the ocean floor can beat superbugs and cancer. But habitats are at risk from the hunger for marine minerals

A When Professor Mat Upton found that a microbe from a deep-sea sponge was killing pathogenic bugs in his laboratory, he realised it could be a breakthrough in the fight against antibiotic-resistant superbugs, which are responsible for thousands of deaths a year in the UK alone. Further tests confirmed that an antibiotic from the sponge bacteria, found living more than 700 metres under the sea at the Rockall trough in the north-east Atlantic, was previously unknown to science, boosting its potential as a life-saving medicine. But Upton, and other scientists who view the deep ocean and its wealth of unique and undocumented species as a prospecting for new medicines, fear such potential will be lost in the rush to exploit the deep sea’s equally rich metal and mineral resources.

B ‘We’re looking at the bioactive potential of marine, to see if there ate any nt01e medicines or drugs down there before we destroy it forever,’ says Upton, a medical microbiologist at the University of Plymouth. He is among many scientists urging a halt to deep-sea mining, asking for time to weigh up the pros and cons. ‘In sustainability terms, this could be a better way ol’ exploiting the economic potential of the deep sea,’ he argues. Oceanographers using remotely operated vehicles have spotted many new species. Among them have been sea cucumbers with tails allowing them to sail along the ocean floor, and a rare ‘Dumbo’ octopus, found 3,000 metres under the Pacific Ocean, off the coast of California. Any one ol’ these could ollér lilésaving potential. Upton estimates it could take up to a decade for a newly discovered antibiotic to become a medicine — but the race towards commercial mining in the ocean abyss has already begun.

C The deep sea contains more nickel, cobalt and rare earth metals than all land reserves combined, according to the US Geological Survey. Mining corporations argue that deepsea exploration could help diversify the supply of metals and point to the fact that demand for resources such as copper, aluminium, cobalt for electric car batteries and other metals to power technology and smartphones, is soaring (Q14). They say that deep-sea mining could yield far superior ore to land mining with little, if any, waste (Q24). Different methods of extraction exist, but most involve employing some forms of converted machinery previously used in terrestrial mining to excavate materials from the sea floor, at depths of up to 6,000 metres, then drawing a seawater slurry, containing rock and other solid particles, from the sea floor ships on the surface. The slu1Ty is then •de-watered’ and translérred 10 another vessel for shipping. Extracted seawater is pumped back down and discharged close to the sea floor.

D But environmental and legal groups have urged caution(Q26), arguing there are potentially massive and unknown ramifications for the environment and for nearby communities, and that the global regulatory framework is not yet drafted(Q17). ‘Despite arising in the last half century, the “new global gold rush” of deep-sea mining shares many features with past resource sclambles — including a general disregard for environmental and social impacts, and the marginalisation of indigenous peoples and their rights,’ a paper, written by Julie Hunter and Julian Aguon, from Blue Ocean Law, and Pradeep Singh, from the Center for Marine Environmental Sciences, Bremen, argues(Q19). The authors say that knowledge of the deep seabed remains extremely limited. ‘The surface of the Moon, Mars and even Venus have all been mapped and studied in much greater detail, leading marine scientists to commonly remark that, with respect to the deep sea, “We don’t yet know what we need to know” (Q22).

E Scientific research — including a recent paper in Marine Policy journal — has suggested the deep seabed, and hydrothermal vents, which are created when seawater meets volcanic magma, have crucial impacts upon biodiversity and the global climate. The mineral-rich vents and their surrounds are also home to many well-known animals including crustaceans, tubeworms, clams, slugs, anemones and fish(Q16). ‘It is becoming increasingly clear that deepsea mining poses a grave threat to these vital seabed functions,’ the paper says. ‘Extraction methods would produce large sediment plumes and involve the discharge of waste back into the ocean, significantly disturbing seafloor environments,’ the paper continues. ‘On deep sea vents, scientists are clear,’ says Dr. Jon Copley of the National Oceanography Centre, Southampton: ‘we don’t want mining on them (Q23)’.

F The oceans occupy around 70% of the planet(Q15) and are relatively unexplored, says Mike Johnston, chief executive of Nautilus, a Canadian underwater exploration company: ‘It makes sense to explore this untapped potential in an environmentally sustainable way, instead of continually looking at the fast depleting land resources of the planet to meet society’s rising needs(Q18). ‘ Those leading the global rush to place giant mining machines thousands Of metres below the sea surface say the environmental impacts will be far lower than on land. But critics say exotic and little-known ecosystems in the deep oceans could be destroyed and must be protected. ‘Mining will be the greatest assault on deep-sea ecosystems ever inflicted by humans,’ according to hydrothermal vent expert Verena Tunnicliffe, at the University of Victoria in Canada(Q21). She argues that active vents must be off-limits for mining to protect the new knowledge and biotechnology spin-offs they can deliver, and that strict controls must be in place elsewhere.

GIẢI THÍCH CHI TIẾT ĐỀ Deep-sea mining

Questions 14—17

Reading Passage 2 has six paragraphs, A—F.

Which paragraph contains the following information?

Write the correct letter, A—F, in boxes 14—17 on your answer sheet.

14. C reference to the rapidly increasing need for one raw material in the transport industry

Từ đồng nghĩa trong bài: Mining corporations argue that deepsea exploration could help diversify the supply of metals and point to the fact that demand for resources such as copper, aluminum, cobalt for electric car batteries and other metals to power technology and smartphones, is soaring.

Giải thích: Đoạn C có chứa thông tin về các nguyên liệu kim loại cần thiết để làm pin xe điện (ngành giao thông).

15. F a rough estimate of the area of the Earth covered by the oceans

Từ đồng nghĩa trong bài: The oceans occupy around 70% of the planet.

Giải thích: Đoạn F câu đầu có chưa thông tin về việc đại dương chiếm 70% diện tích của hành tinh.

16. E how a particular underwater habitat, where minerals and organisms co-exist, is formed

Từ đồng nghĩa trong bài: Scientific research — including a recent paper in Marine Policy journal — has suggested the deep seabed, and hydrothermal vents, which are created when seawater meets volcanic magma, have crucial impacts upon biodiversity and the global climatee. The mineral-rich vents and their surrounds are also home to many well-known animals including crustaceans, tubeworms, clams, slugs, anemones and fish.

Giải thích: Đoạn E có chưa thông tin về seabed & hydrothermal vents được hình thành khi nước biển gặp dung nham núi lửa.

17. D reference to the fact that the countries of the world have yet to agree on rules for the exploration of the seabed

Từ đồng nghĩa trong bài: But environmental and legal groups have urged caution, arguing there are potentially massive and unknown ramifications for the environment and for nearby communities, and that the global regulatory framework is not yet drafted.

Giải thích: Đoạn D có chứa thông tin về việc chưa có bất kì một hệ thống luật lệ quốc tế nào về việc khám phá đáy biển được soạn thảo.

Questions 18—22

Look at the following statements (Questions 18—23) and the list of people below.

Match each statement with the correct person or people, A—E.

Write the correct letter, A—E, in boxes 18—23 on your answer sheet.

NB You may use any letter more than once.

18 A move away from the exploration of heavily mined reserves on land is a good idea.

19 The negative effects of undersea exploration on local areas and their inhabitants are being ignored.

20 There are more worthwhile things to extract from the sea than minerals.

21 No other form of human exploration will have such a destructive impact on marine life as deep-sea mining.

22 More is known about outer space than about what lies beneath the oceans.

23 There is one marine life habitat where experts agree mining should not take place.

List of People

A. Professor Mat Upton

B. Julie Hunter, Julian Aguon and Pradeep Singh

C. Dr Jon Copley

D. Mike Johnston

E. Verena Tunnicliffe

Q18: D. Mike Johnston

Từ khóa trong đáp án: A move away from the exploration of heavily mined reserves on land is a good idea.

Từ đồng nghĩa trong bài: Mike Johnston, chief executive of Nautilus, a Canadian underwater exploration company: ‘It makes sense to explore this untapped potential in an environmentally sustainable way, instead of continually looking at the fast depleting land resources of the planet to meet society’s rising needs.

Giải thích: Ông Mike cho rằng đáy biển có tiềm năng to lớn trong việc khai thác tài nguyên thay vì việc chúng ta đang làm cạn kiệt các nguồn tài nguyên trên đất liền.

Q19: B. Julie Hunter, Julian Aguon and Pradeep Singh

Từ khóa trong đáp án: The negative effects of undersea exploration on local areas and their inhabitants are being ignored.

Từ đồng nghĩa trong bài: Despite arising in the last half-century, the “new global gold rush” of deep-sea mining shares many features with past resource scrambles — including a general disregard for environmental and social impacts, and the marginalisation of Indigenous peoples and their rights,’ a paper, written by Julie Hunter and Julian Aguon, from Blue Ocean Law, and Pradeep Singh, from the Center for Marine Environmental Sciences, Bremen, argues

Giải thích: Nhóm nhà khoa học cho rằng cuộc chạy đua khai khoáng dưới biển sâu đang phớt lờ những ảnh hưởng về môi trường cũng như xã hội

Q20: A. Professor Mat Upton

Từ khóa trong đáp án: There are more worthwhile things to extract from the sea than minerals.

Từ đồng nghĩa trong bài: ‘We’re looking at the bioactive potential of marine, to see if there ate any more medicines or drugs down there before we destroy it forever,’ says Upton, a medical microbiologist at the University of Plymouth. He is among many scientists urging a halt to deep-sea mining, asking for time to weigh up the pros and cons. ‘In sustainability terms, this could be a better way of exploiting the economic potential of the deep sea,’ he argues.

Giải thích: Upton đang tiến hành việc nghiên cứu tiềm năng sinh học của biển sâu để tìm thuốc mới . Ông cho rằng xét trên phương diện bền vững ,đây là phương pháp khai thác tiềm năng tài chính của biển hiệu quả hơn là deep-sea mining.

Q21: E. Verena Tunnicliffe

Từ khóa trong đáp án: No other form of human exploration will have such a destructive impact on marine life as deep-sea mining.

Từ đồng nghĩa trong bài: ‘Mining will be the greatest assault on deep-sea ecosystems ever inflicted by humans,’ according to hydrothermal vent expert Verena Tunnicliffe, at the University of Victoria in Canada

Giải thích: Verena cho rằng việc chúng ta khai khoáng đáy biển sẽ huỷ diệt hệ sinh thái đáy biển

Q22: B. Julie Hunter, Julian Aguon and Pradeep Singh

Từ khóa trong đáp án: More is known about outer space than about what lies beneath the oceans.

Từ đồng nghĩa trong bài: The authors say that knowledge of the deep seabed remains extremely limited. ‘The surface of the Moon, Mars and even Venus have all been mapped and studied in much greater detail, leading marine scientists to commonly remark that, with respect to the deep sea, “We don’t yet know what we need to know”

Giải thích: Nhóm nhà khoa học nhấn mạnh rằng luợng thông tin mà con người sở hữu về mặt trăng, sao hoả còn nhiều hơn về đáy biển.

Q23: C. Dr Jon Copley

Từ khóa trong đáp án: There is one marine life habitat where experts agree mining should not take place.

Từ đồng nghĩa trong bài: Extraction methods would produce large sediment plumes and involve the discharge of waste back into the ocean, significantly disturbing seafloor environments,’ the paper continues. ‘On deep sea vents, scientists are clear,’ says Dr Jon Copley of the National Oceanography Centre, Southampton: ‘we don’t want mining on them‘.

Giải thích: Các chuyên gia đều đồng tình không khai khoáng dưới đáy biển.

Questions 24—26

Complete the summary below.

Choose ONE WORD ONLY from the passage for each answer.

Write your answers in boxes 24—26 on your answer sheet.

Mining the sea floor

Mining corporations believe that the mineral resources lying under the sea may be superior to those found in the earth. They also say that these can be removed without producing much 24._____waste_____.

The extraction is often done by adapting the 25._____machinery_____, that has already been used to work on land. The method of excavation involves removing the seawater from the slurry that is brought up to ships and returning it to the seabed. However, concerned groups strongly believe that 26._____caution_____ is necessary due to the possible number of unidentified consequences.

Q24: Mining corporations believe that the mineral resources lying under the sea may be superior to those found in the earth. They also say that these can be removed without producing much 24._____waste_____.

Từ đồng nghĩa trong bài: They say that deep-sea mining could yield far superior ore to land mining with little, if any, waste.

Giải thích: Các nhà khoa học cho rằng khai khoáng dưới đáy biển sẽ đem về kết quả vượt bậc so với khai khoáng trên cạn, lại thải ra ít rác hơn nữa.

Q25: The extraction is often done by adapting the 25._____machinery_____, that has already been used to work on land.

Từ đồng nghĩa trong bài: Different methods of extraction exist, but most involve employing some forms of converted machinery previously used in terrestrial mining to excavate materials from the sea floor, at depths of up to 6,000 metres, then drawing a seawater slurry, containing rock and other solid particles, from the sea floor ships on the surface.

Giải thích: Việc khai thác được thực hiện bằng các máy móc đã từng được dùng trên cạn.

Q26: However, concerned groups strongly believe that 26._____caution_____ is necessary due to the possible number of unidentified consequences.

Giải thích: Nhóm nhà khoa học lo lắng thì tin rằng chúng ta cần phải rất cẩn trọng khi khai thác dưới đáy biển do nhiều hệ luỵ chưa xác định được.

IELTSITY hy vọng rằng bài viết này đã giúp bạn hiểu rõ và hoàn thành tốt bài đọc Deep-sea mining (CAMBRIDGE 19 – TEST 4 – PASSAGE 2). Đừng quên chia sẻ cho bạn bè để cùng luyện tập nhé! Chúc các bạn học tốt!

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