Cùng IELTSITY tìm hiểu đáp án và cách giải chi tiết phần test 1 – passage 2 – forest management in Pennsylvania, USA nhé!
ANSWER TABLE |
|
| 14. B | 21. C |
| 15. A | 22. fire |
| 16. C | 23. nutrients |
| 17. E | 24. cavities |
| 18. B | 25. hawthorn |
| 19. B | 26. rare |
| 20. C | |
Forest management in Pennsylvania, USA
How managing low-quality wood (also known as low-use wood) for bioenergy can encourage sustainable forest management
A
A tree’s ‘value’ depends on several factors including its species, size, form, condition, quality, function, and accessibility, and depends on the management goals for a given forest. (Q15) The same tree can be valued very differently by each person who looks at it. A large, straight black cherry tree has high value as timber to be cut into logs or made into furniture, but for a landowner more interested in wildlife habitat, the real value of that stem (or trunk) may be the food it provides to animals. Likewise, if the tree suffers from black knot disease, its value for timber decreases, but to a woodworker interested in making bowls, it brings an opportunity for a unique and beautiful piece of art.
B
In the past, Pennsylvania landowners were solely interested in the value of their trees as high-quality timber. The norm was to remove the stems of highest quality and leave behind poorly formed trees that were not as well suited to the site where they grew. This practice, called ‘high-grading’, has left a legacy of ‘low-use wood’ in the forests. (Q14)Some people even call these ‘junk trees’ (Q18), and they are abundant in Pennsylvania. These trees have lower economic value for traditional timber markets, compete for growth with higher-value trees, shade out desirable regeneration and decrease the health of a stand leaving it more vulnerable to poor weather and disease. Management that specifically targets low-use wood can help landowners manage these forest health issues, and wood energy markets help promote this.
C
Wood energy markets can accept less expensive wood material of lower quality than would be suitable for traditional timber markets. Most wood used for energy in Pennsylvania is used to produce heat or electricity through combustion. Many schools and hospitals use wood boiler systems to heat and power their facilities, many homes are primarily heated with wood, and some coal plants incorporate wood into their coal streams to produce electricity. Wood can also be gasified for electrical generation and can even be made into liquid fuels like ethanol and gasoline for lorries and cars. (Q16) All these products are made primarily from low-use wood. Several tree- and plant-cutting approaches, which could greatly improve the long-term quality of a forest, focus strongly or solely on the use of wood for those markets.
D
One such approach is called a Timber Stand Improvement (TSI) Cut. In a TSI Cut, really poor-quality tree and plant material is cut down to allow more space, light, and other resources to the highest-valued stems that remain. Removing invasive plants might be another primary goal of a TSI Cut. The stems that are left behind might then grow in size and develop more foliage and larger crowns or tops that produce more coverage for wildlife; they have a better chance to regenerate in a less crowded environment. TSI Cuts can be tailored to one farmer’s specific management goals for his or her land.
E
Another approach that might yield a high amount of low-use wood is a Salvage Cut. With the many pests and pathogens visiting forests including hemlock wooly adelgid, Asian longhorned beetle, emerald ash borer, and gypsy moth, to name just a few, (Q17) it is important to remember that those working in the forests can help ease these issues through cutting procedures. These types of cut reduce the number of sick trees and seek to manage the future spread of a pest problem. (Q19) They leave vigorous trees that have stayed healthy enough to survive the outbreak.
F
A Shelterwood Cut, which only takes place in a mature forest that has already been thinned several times, involves removing all the mature trees when other seedlings have become established. This then allows the forester to decide which tree species are regenerated. It leaves a young forest where all trees are at a similar point in their growth. (Q21) It can also be used to develop a two-tier forest so that there are two harvests and the money that comes in is spread out over a decade or more. (Q20)
G
Thinnings and dense and dead wood removal for fire (Q22) prevention also center on the production of low-use wood. However, it is important to remember that some retention of what many would classify as low-use wood is very important. The tops of trees that have been cut down should be left on the site so that their nutrients (Q23) cycle back into the soil. In addition, trees with many cavities (Q24) are extremely important habitats for insect predators like woodpeckers, bats and small mammals. They help control problem insects and increase the health and resilience of the forest. It is also important to remember that not all small trees are low-use. For example, many species like hawthorn (Q25) provide food for wildlife. Finally, rare (Q26) species of trees in a forest should also stay behind as they add to its structural diversity.
Questions 14-18
Reading Passage 2 has seven paragraphs, A-G.
Which paragraph contains the following information?
Write the correct letter, A-G, in boxes 14—18 on your answer sheet.
NB You may use any letter more than once.
14 bad outcomes for a forest when people focus only on its financial reward
15 reference to the aspects of any tree that contribute to its worth
16 mention of the potential use of wood to help run vehicles
17 examples of insects that attack trees
18 an alternative name for trees that produce low-use wood
Questions 19-21
Look at the following purposes (Questions 19-21) and the list of timber cuts below.
Match each purpose with the correct timber cut, A, B or C.
Write the correct letter, A, B or C, in boxes 19-21 on your answer sheet.
NB You may use any letter more than once.
19 to remove trees that are diseased
20 to generate income across a number of years
21 to create a forest whose trees are close in age
List of Timber Cuts
A a TSI Cut
B a Salvage Cut
C a Shelterwood Cut
Questions 22-26
Complete the sentences below.
Choose ONE WORD ONLY from the passage for each answer.
Write your answers in boxes 22-26 on your answer sheet.
22 Some dead wood is removed to avoid the possibility of _______________.
23 The _______________ from the tops of cut trees can help improve soil quality.
24 Some damaged trees should be left, as their _______________ provide habitats for a range of creatures.
25 Some trees that are small, such as _______________, are a source of food for animals and insects.
26 Any trees that are _______________ should be left to grow, as they add to the variety of species in the forest.
EXPLANATIONS
Q14:
Từ khóa câu hỏi: Bad outcomes for a forest when people focus only on its financial reward
Từ đồng nghĩa trong bài: In the past, Pennsylvania landowners were solely interested in the value of their trees as high-quality timber. The norm was to remove the stems of highest quality and leave behind poorly formed trees that were not as well suited to the site where they grew. This practice, called ‘high-grading’, has left a legacy of ‘low-use wood’ in the forests.
Giải thích: Khi chủ đất chỉ quan tâm tới giá trị kinh tế của gỗ, họ chặt, lấy đi các cành chất lượng cao và để lại toàn gỗ chất lượng thấp.
Thông tin này nằm ở đoạn B.
Q15:
Từ khóa câu hỏi: Reference to the aspects of any tree that contribute to its worth
Từ đồng nghĩa trong bài: A tree’s ‘value’ depends on several factors including its species, size, form, condition, quality, function, and accessibility, and depends on the management goals for a given forest.
Giải thích: Giá trị của cây phụ thuộc vào rất nhiều yếu tố khác như giống cây, kích cỡ, hình dạng, điều kiện, v..v..
Thông tin này nằm ở đoạn A.
Q16:
Từ khóa câu hỏi: Mention of the potential use of wood to help run vehicles
Từ đồng nghĩa trong bài: Wood can also be gasified for electrical generation and can even be made into liquid fuels like ethanol and gasoline for lorries and cars.
Giải thích: Gỗ có thể được làm thành nhiên liệu dạng lỏng như ethanol hoặc xăng, dùng cho xe tải và xe hơi.
Thông tin này nằm ở đoạn C.
Q17:
Từ khóa câu hỏi: Examples of insects that attack trees
Từ đồng nghĩa trong bài: With the many pests and pathogens visiting forests including hemlock wooly adelgid, Asian longhorned beetle, emerald ash borer, and gypsy moth, to name just a few,
Giải thích: Có rất nhiều loài côn trùng gây hại đối với cây như rệp muội độc cần, xén tóc châu Á, bọ Emerald Ash Borer, bướm đêm Gypsy, và còn nhiều loài khác nữa.
Thông tin này nằm ở đoạn E.
Q18:
Từ khóa câu hỏi: An alternative name for trees that produce low-use wood
Từ đồng nghĩa trong bài: Some people even call these ‘junk trees’
Giải thích: Có người gọi những cây gỗ kém chất lượng này là “cây rác”. Đây là một cái tên thay thế.
Thông tin này nằm ở đoạn B.
Q19:
Từ khóa câu hỏi: To remove trees that are diseased
Từ đồng nghĩa trong bài: These types of cut reduce the number of sick trees and seek to manage the future spread of a pest problem.
Giải thích: Phương pháp này liên quan tới việc chặt bỏ những cây bị bệnh để kiểm soát sâu bệnh tốt hơn.
Đây là phương pháp Salvage Cut – đáp án B.
Q20:
Từ khóa câu hỏi: To generate income across a number of years
Từ đồng nghĩa trong bài: It can also be used to develop a two-tier forest so that there are two harvests and the money that comes in is spread out over a decade or more.
Giải thích: Phương pháp này giúp tạo ra nguồn thu nhập đều đặn mà có thể kéo dài hơn một thập kỷ.
Đây là phương pháp Shelterwood Cut – đáp án C.
Q21:
Từ khóa câu hỏi: To create a forest whose trees are close in age
Từ đồng nghĩa trong bài: Involves removing all the mature trees when other seedlings have become established. This then allows the forester to decide which tree species are regenerated. It leaves a young forest where all trees are at a similar point in their growth.
Giải thích: Phương pháp này là loại bỏ các cây trưởng thành, để lại một rừng toàn cây non mà có điểm phát triển tương đồng nhau.
Đây là phương pháp Shelterwood Cut – đáp án C.
Q22:
Từ khóa câu hỏi: Some dead wood is removed to avoid the possibility of _______________.
Từ đồng nghĩa trong bài: Thinnings and dense and dead wood removal for fire prevention also center on the production of low-use wood.
Giải thích: Loại bỏ các cây gỗ đã chết giúp giảm nguy cơ cháy rừng.
Vậy đáp án là fire.
Q23:
Từ khóa câu hỏi: The _______________ from the tops of cut trees can help improve soil quality.
Từ đồng nghĩa trong bài: The tops of trees that have been cut down should be left on the site so that their nutrients cycle back into the soil.
Giải thích: Phần đỉnh của các cây mà đã bị chặt được giữ nguyên vẹn, nhờ đó nó đưa các chất dinh dưỡng (nutrients) quay ngược trở lại với đất.
Vậy đáp án là nutrients.
Q24:
Từ khóa câu hỏi: Some damaged trees should be left, as their _______________ provide habitats for a range of creatures.
Từ đồng nghĩa trong bài: Trees with many cavities are extremely important habitats for insect predators like woodpeckers, bats and small mammals.
Giải thích: Lỗ (cavities) trên các thân cây là môi trường sống cho rất nhiều loài ăn côn trùng như chim gõ kiến, dơi hay các động vật có vú khác.
Vậy đáp án là cavities.
Q25:
Từ khóa câu hỏi: Some trees that are small, such as _______________, are a source of food for animals and insects.
Từ đồng nghĩa trong bài: It is also important to remember that not all small trees are low-use. For example, many species like hawthorn provide food for wildlife.
Giải thích: Không phải cứ cây nhỏ là không có giá trị. Ví dụ, nhiều loài cây nhỏ như cây táo gai (hawthorn) cung cấp nguồn thức ăn cho động vật hoang dã.
Vậy đáp án là hawthorn.
Q26:
Từ khóa câu hỏi: Any trees that are _______________ should be left to grow, as they add to the variety of species in the forest.
Từ đồng nghĩa trong bài: Finally, rare species of trees in a forest should also stay behind as they add to its structural diversity.
Giải thích: Những loài cây hiếm (rare) nên được giữ lại bởi vì chúng bổ sung vào sự đa dạng loài trong khu rừng.
Vậy đáp án là rare.
Hy vọng rằng bài viết này đã giúp bạn hiểu và làm được bài Forest management in Pennsylvania, USA (CAMBRIDGE 18 – TEST 1 – PASSAGE 2). Chúc các bạn học tốt!
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