Hãy cùng Ieltsity tham khảo đáp án đề bài Cambridge IELTS 18 – Test 4 – Passage 3 – Alfred Wegener: science, exploration nhé!
ANSWER TABLE |
|
| 27. YES | 34. C |
| 28. NOT GIVEN | 35. H |
| 29. NO | 36. E |
| 30. NO | 37. B |
| 31. I | 38. A |
| 32. F | 39. D |
| 33. A | 40. C |
You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 27-40, which are based on Reading Passage 3 below.
Alfred Wegener: science, exploration and the Theory of continental drift
by Mott T Greene
Introduction
This is a book about the life and scientific work of Alfred Wegener, whose reputation today rests with his theory of continental displacements, better known as ‘continental drift’. Wegener proposed this theory in 1912 and developed it extensively for nearly 20 years. His book on the subject, The Origin of Continents and Oceans, went through four editions and was the focus of an international controversy in his lifetime (Q27) and for some years after his death.
Wegener’s basic idea was that many mysteries about the Earth’s history could be solved if one supposed that the continents moved laterally, rather than supposing that they remained fixed in place (Q28). Wegener showed in great detail how such continental movements were plausible and how they worked, using evidence from a large number of sciences including geology, geophysics, paleontology, and climatology (Q29). Wegener’s idea – that the continents move – is at the heart of the theory that guides Earth sciences today: namely plate tectonics. Plate tectonics is in many respects quite different from Wegener’s proposal, in the same way, that modern evolutionary theory is very different from the ideas Charles Darwin proposed in the 1850s about biological evolution. Yet plate tectonics is a descendant of Alfred Wegener’s theory of continental drift, in quite·the same way that modern evolutionary theory is a descendant of Darwin’s theory of natural selection. (Q30)
When I started writing about Wegener’s life and work (Q31), one of the most intriguing things about him for me was that, although he came up with a theory on continental drift, he was not a geologist. He trained as an astronomer and pursued a career in atmospheric physics (Q32). When he proposed the theory of continental displacements in 1912, he was a lecturer in physics and astronomy at the University of Marburg, in southern Germany. However, he was not an ‘unknown’ (Q33). In 1906 he had set a world record (with his brother Kurt) for time aloft in a hot-air balloon: 52 hours (Q34). Between 1906 and 1908 he had taken part in a highly publicized and extremely dangerous expedition to the coast of northeast Greenland. (Q35) He had also made a name for himself amongst a small circle of meteorologists and atmospheric physicists in Germany as the author of a textbook, Thermodynamics of the Atmosphere (1911), and of a number of interesting scientific papers (Q36).
As important as Wegener’s work on continental drift has turned out to be, it was largely a sideline to his interest in atmospheric physics, geophysics, and paleoclimatology, and thus I have been at great pains to put Wegener’s work on continental drift in the larger context of his other scientific work, and in the even larger context of atmospheric sciences in his lifetime. This is a ‘continental drift book’ only to the extent that Wegener was interested in that topic and later became famous for it. My treatment of his other scientific work is no less detailed, though I certainly have devoted more attention to the reception of his ideas on continental displacement, as they were much more controversial than his other work.
Readers interested in the specific detail of Wegener’s career will see that he often stopped pursuing a given line of investigation (sometimes for years on end), only to pick it up later. I have tried to provide guideposts to his rapidly shifting interests by characterizing different phases of his life as careers in different sciences, which is reflected in the titles of the chapters. Thus, the index should be a sufficient guide for those interested in a particular aspect of Wegener’s life but perhaps not all of it. My own feeling, however, is that the parts do not make as much sense on their own as do all of his activities taken together. In this respect, I urge readers to try to experience Wegener’s life as he lived it, with all the interruptions, changes of mind, and renewed efforts this entailed. (Q37)
Wegener left behind a few published works but, as was standard practice, these reported the results of his work – not the journey he took to reach that point. Only a few hundred of the many thousands of letters he wrote and received in his lifetime have survived and he didn’t keep notebooks or diaries that recorded his life and activities. He was not active (with a few exceptions) in scientific societies, and did not seek to find influence or advance his ideas through professional contacts and politics, spending most of his time at home in his study reading and writing, or in the field collecting observations. (Q38)
Some famous scientists, such as Newton, Darwin, and Einstein, left mountains of written material behind, hundreds of notebooks and letters numbering in the tens of thousands. Others, like Michael Faraday, left extensive journals of their thoughts and speculations, parallel to their scientific notebooks. The more such material a scientist leaves behind, the better chance a biographer has of forming an accurate picture of how a scientist’s ideas took shape and evolved. (Q39)
I am firmly of the opinion that most of us, Wegener included, are not in any real sense the authors of our own lives. We plan, think, and act, often with apparent freedom, but most of the time our lives ‘happen to us’, and we only retrospectively turn this happenstance into a coherent narrative of fulfilled intentions. (Q40) This book, therefore, is a story both of the life and scientific work that Alfred Wegener planned and intended and of the life and scientific work that actually ‘happened to him’. These are, as I think you will soon see, not always the same thing.
Paleoclimatology – The study of past climates
Questions 27-30
Do the following statements agree with the claims of the writer in Reading Passage 3? In boxes 27-30 on your answer sheet, write:
YES if the statement agrees with the claims of the writer
NO if the statement contradicts the claims of the writer
NOT GIVEN if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this
- Wegener’s ideas about continental drift were widely disputed while he was alive.
- The idea that the continents remained fixed in place was defended in a number of respected scientific publications.
- Wegener relied on a limited range of scientific fields to support his theory of continental drift.
- The similarities between Wegener’s theory of continental drift and modern-day plate tectonics are enormous.
Questions 31-36
Complete the summary using the list of phrases, A-J, below. Write the correct letter, A-J, in boxes 31-36 on your answer sheet.
Wegener’s life and work
One of the remarkable things about Wegener from a 31___________ is that although he proposed a theory of continental drift, he was not a geologist. His 32___________ were limited to atmospheric physics. However, at the time he proposed his theory of continental drift in 1912, he was already a person of 33___________. Six years previously, there had been his 34___________
of 52 hours in a hot-air balloon, followed by his well-publicised but 35___________ of Greenland’s coast. With the publication of his textbook on thermodynamics, he had also come to the attention of a 36___________ of German scientists.
A. modest fame
B. vast range
C. Record-breaking achievement
D. research methods
E. select group
F. professional interests
G. scientific debate
H. Hazardous exploration
I. Biographer’s perspective
J. narrow investigation
Questions 37-40
Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D. Write the correct letter in boxes 37-40 on your answer sheet.
- What is Mott T Greene doing in the fifth paragraph?
A. describing what motivated him to write the book
B. explaining why it is desirable to read the whole book
C. suggesting why Wegener pursued so many different careers
D. indicating what aspects of Wegener’s life interested him most
- What is said about Wegener in the sixth paragraph?A. He was not a particularly ambitious person.
B. He kept a record of all his scientific observations.
C. He did not adopt many of the scientific practices of the time.
D. He enjoyed discussing new discoveries with other scientists.
- What does Greene say about some other famous scientists?A. Their published works had a greater impact than Wegener’s did.
B. They had fewer doubts about their scientific ideas than Wegener did.
C. Their scientific ideas were more controversial than Wegener’s.
D. They are easier subjects to write about than Wegener.
- What is Greene’s main point in the final paragraph?A. It is not enough in life to have good intentions.
B. People need to plan carefully if they want to succeed.
C. People have little control over many aspects of their lives.
D. It is important that people ensure they have the freedom to act.
EXPLANATIONS
Q27
Từ khóa câu hỏi: Wegener’s ideas about continental drift were widely disputed while he was alive.
Từ đồng nghĩa trong bài: His book on the subject, The Origin of Continents and Oceans, went through four editions and was the focus of an international controversy in his lifetime (Q27)
Giải thích: Lý thuyết về sự dịch chuyển lục địa của Wegener nhận được nhiều dư luận trong thời gian ông còn sống
-> Đáp án là YES
Q28
Từ khóa câu hỏi: The idea that the continents remained fixed in place was defended in a number of respected scientific publications.
Từ đồng nghĩa trong bài: Wegener’s basic idea was that many mysteries about the Earth’s history could be solved if one supposed that the continents moved laterally, rather than supposing that they remained fixed in place (Q28).
Giải thích: Không có thông tin bàn về việc ý tưởng cho rằng các lục địa là cố định được bảo vệ trong nhiều luận án thời đó.
-> Đáp án là NOT GIVEN
Q29
Từ khóa câu hỏi: Wegener relied on a limited range of scientific fields to support his theory of continental drift.
Từ đồng nghĩa trong bài: Wegener showed in great detail how such continental movements were plausible and how they worked, using evidence from a large number of sciences including geology, geophysics, paleontology, and climatology(Q29).
Giải thích: Wegener dựa vào 1 số lượng lớn các bộ môn khoá học để lấy bằng chứng cho lý thuyết của mình, chứ không phải là 1 lượng giới hạn
-> Đáp án là NO
Q30
Từ khóa câu hỏi: The similarities between Wegener’s theory of continental drift and modern-day plate tectonics are enormous.
Từ đồng nghĩa trong bài: In the same way that modern evolutionary theory is very different from the ideas Charles Darwin proposed in the 1850s about biological evolution. Yet plate tectonics is a descendant of Alfred Wegener’s theory of continental drift, in quite· the same way that modern evolutionary theory is a descendant of Darwin’s theory of natural selection.(Q30)
Giải thích: Sự khác biệt giữa lý thuyết dịch chuyển lục địa và ‘plate tectonics’ của ngày nay là nhiều nhưng về bản chất, nó có cùng 1 quan điểm chủ đạo
-> Đáp án là NO
Q31
Từ khóa câu hỏi: One of the remarkable things about Wegener from a 31___________ is that although he proposed a theory of continental drift, he was not a geologist.
Từ đồng nghĩa trong bài: When I started writing about Wegener’s life and work (Q31), one of the most intriguing things about him for me was that, although he came up with a theory on continental drift, he was not a geologist.
Giải thích: Mặc dù Wegener có 1 học thuyết về Dịch chuyển Lục Địa, ông lại không phải là nhà địa chất học
-> Đáp án là I
Q32
Từ khóa câu hỏi: His 32___________ were limited to atmospheric physics.
Từ đồng nghĩa trong bài: He trained as an astronomer and pursued a career in atmospheric physics (Q32).
Giải thích: Ông đã được đào tạo để trở thành 1 nhà thiên văn học có sự nghiệp trong lĩnh vực vật lý khí quyển
-> Đáp án là F
Q33
Từ khóa câu hỏi: However, at the time he proposed his theory of continental drift in 1912, he was already a person of 33___________.
Từ đồng nghĩa trong bài: When he proposed the theory of continental displacements in 1912, he was a lecturer in physics and astronomy at the University of Marburg, in southern Germany. However, he was not an ‘unknown'(Q33)
Giải thích: Ông không hẳn là một người mà không ai biết đến.
-> Đáp án là A
Q34
Từ khóa câu hỏi: Six years previously, there had been his 34___________ of 52 hours in a hot-air balloon
Từ đồng nghĩa trong bài: In 1906 he had set a world record (with his brother Kurt) for time aloft in a hot-air balloon: 52 hours (Q34).
Giải thích: Ông đã đạt kỷ lục thế giới cho việc bay trên khinh khí cầu lâu nhất (52 giờ)
-> Đáp án là C
Q35
Từ khóa câu hỏi: Followed by his well-publicised but 35___________ of Greenland’s coast.
Từ đồng nghĩa trong bài: Between 1906 and 1908 he had taken part in a highly publicized and extremely dangerous expedition to the coast of northeast Greenland. (Q35)
Giải thích: Ông còn tham gia vào chuyến hành trình khám phá cực mạo hiểm đến vùng bờ biển Greenland
-> Đáp án là H
Q36
Từ khóa câu hỏi: With the publication of his textbook on thermodynamics, he had also come to the attention of a 36___________ of German scientists.
Từ đồng nghĩa trong bài: He had also made a name for himself amongst a small circle of meteorologists and atmospheric physicists in Germany as the author of a textbook, Thermodynamics of the Atmosphere (1911), and of a number of interesting scientific papers(Q36).
Giải thích: Ông còn xuất bản được 1 cuốn sách vì khí tượng học, thứ đã gây được sự chú ý ở Đức
-> Đáp án là E
Q37
Từ khóa câu hỏi: Explaining why it is desirable to read the whole book
Từ đồng nghĩa trong bài: My own feeling, however, is that the parts do not make as much sense on their own as do all of his activities taken together. In this respect, I urge readers to try to experience Wegener’s life as he lived it, with all the interruptions, changes of mind, and renewed efforts this entailed. (Q37)
Giải thích: Người viết bàn về những trải nghiệm mà người đọc có thể học được từ Wegener & mong độc giả thử sống lại cuộc đời của ông
-> Đáp án là B
Q38
Từ khóa câu hỏi: He was not a particularly ambitious person.
Từ đồng nghĩa trong bài: He was not active (with a few exceptions) in scientific societies, and did not seek to find influence or advance his ideas through professional contacts and politics, spending most of his time at home in his study reading and writing, or in the field collecting observations. (Q38)
Giải thích: Ông không phải là người quá tham vọng. Minh chứng qua việc ông không tham gia vào các tổ chức khoa học, hay cố gắng tạo sức ảnh hưởng trong lĩnh vực của ông
-> Đáp án là A
Q39
Từ khóa câu hỏi: They are easier subjects to write about than Wegener.
Từ đồng nghĩa trong bài: The more such material a scientist leaves behind, the better chance a biographer has of forming an accurate picture of how a scientist’s ideas took shape and evolved.(Q39)
Giải thích: Có nhiều tư liệu về các nhà khoa học nổi tiếng khác hơn là Wegener, nên viết tiểu sử về Wegener là khó hơn
-> Đáp án là D
Q40
Từ khóa câu hỏi: People have little control over many aspects of their lives.
Từ đồng nghĩa trong bài: We plan, think, and act, often with apparent freedom, but most of the time our lives ‘happen to us’, and we only retrospectively turn this happenstance into a coherent narrative of fulfilled intentions.(Q40)
Giải thích: Chúng ta không có quá nhiều kiểm soát với nhiều khía cạnh trong cuộc sống này.
-> Đáp án là C
Hy vọng rằng bài viết này đã giúp bạn hiểu và làm được bài Alfred Wegener: Science, Exploration (CAMBRIDGE 18 – TEST 4 – PASSAGE 3). Chúc các bạn học tốt!
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